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What is Back Pain ?
Anatomy of Back
Causes and symptoms of Back Pain
Diagnosis of Back Pain
Treatments for Back Pain
Exercises for Back Pain
What is Back Pain?
Back pain is one of the most common medical problems, affecting 8 out of 10 people at some point of time during their lives. Back pain can range from a dull, constant ache to a sudden, sharp pain. Acute back pain comes on suddenly and usually lasts from a few days to a few weeks.If back pain is more than 3 months it is called as chronic back pain.Most back pain goes away on its own, though it may take a while. Taking over-the-counter pain relievers and resting can help. However, staying in bed for more than 1 or 2 days can make it worse.
Anatomy of back
To understand the sources of your particular back problem and / or how to prevent back pain, it helps to understand the anatomy of your spine.
The human spine consists primarily of a line of interlocking bones called vertebrae (derived from the Latin term vertere, meaning "to turn").
Your spine is made up of the following components:
- Vertebrae :- The bones that make up your spine
- Nerves :- your entire nerve system runs through your spine. Two nerve roots that leave the spinal cord, one on each side
- Discs :- spongy material that separates your vertebrae, allowing the nerves to run between each bone segment. Discs act like shock absorbers and allow the spine to flex.
Vertebra: One of a series of irregular bones that form the spine.
A vertebra has 2 parts: the vertebral body and the arch; there are 33 vertebrae total: 7 Cervical, 12 Thoracic, 5 Lumbar, 5 Fused to form the Sacrum and 4 Coccygeal; feature of a typical vertebra include: body, pedicles, transverse processes, laminae, articular processes, spinous process.
The vertebrae are held together by muscles, tendons and ligaments. Between the vertebrae are intervertebral disks, which act as "shock absorbers" by preventing the vertebrae from hitting one another when you walk, run or jump. The intervertebral disks also allow your spine to twist, bend and extend.
There are 24 True or Movable Vertebrae:
Cervical spine (neck area) with 7 vertebrae (labeled C1 - C7)
Thoracic spine (chest area) with 12 vertebrae (labeled T1 - T12)
Lumbar spine (lower back) with 5 vertebrae (labeled L1 - L5)
Non - Movable - Fused Vertebrae ( Below the lumbar spine ) :
Sacrum : a triangular shaped solid base with 5 fused vertebrae - connects with the pelvis
Coccyx : (the tailbone)
Main Parts of a Vertebra:
The two main parts of the vertebra are the vertebral body and the vertebral arch.
Vertebral Body : The anterior segment and largest part of a vertebra, basically cylindrical in shape.
Vertebral Arch : The posterior part of a vertebra; the vertebral arch has several processes (bony projections).
Processes (bony projections) of the Vertebral Arch:
The
spinous process (projecting from the center of the vertebral arch) and the
transverse processes (projecting from either side of the vertebral arch) serve as attachments for the muscles and ligaments.
The
articular processes meet and interlock at the facet joints to link one vertebra with the next. Each vertebra arch has four (two superior and two inferior) articular processes.
Discs :
The vertebral bodies are separated by shock absorbing intervertebral discs. Theses discs have a tough outer coating with and contain a jelly-like substance.
The Spinal Column :
The spinal column (also called the vertebral column) contains and protects the spinal cord and supports the body and head. The spinal column is flexible to allow movement of the body.
The spinal column is comprised of a column of small bones called vertebrae.
Shock absorbing discs separate the vertebrae
Spinal Cord :
A part of the central nervous system, the spinal cord transmits messages from the brain to other parts of the body and vice versa. The spinal cord begins at the brain and runs down to the level of the second lumbar vertebrae. Three meninges (membranes) cover the spinal cord. Spinal nerves branch out form the spinal cord.
Causes and symptoms of back pain
Simple back pain can occur to any person aged from 25 to 65yrs who otherwise are healthy. There are some triggering factors for simple back pain.
- Sitting or Standing in a wrong position
- Bending or standing for a long periods
- Sitting on a chair that doesn’t have any back support
- Pulling,lifting,carrying loads that are simply too heavy or going about these tasks in wrong way
- A fall or a trip
- Strain in the joints
- Muscular tension
- Faulty living style and inappropriate diet
- Lack of physical fitness exercise
- Kidney problems
- Arthritis
- Wearing of high heel shoes
- Long hours of sitting
- Obesity: Your spine caries a large portion of your weight. Being overweight puts pressure and stress on the back, especially the low back. Plus, carrying excess weight aggravates other health conditions such as osteoporosis (weak bones), osteoarthritis (joint pain), rheumatoid arthritis (an autoimmune disease), degenerative disc disease, spinal stenosis, and spondylolisthesis.
Spine is very strong part of our body and is not easily damaged. If a person stays physically active he will be free from pain. 9 out of ten people with back pain recover within few weeks.
Diagnosis of Back Pain
Most of the time, your doctor will only need to discuss your symptoms and examine you for back pain. If the pain lasts longer than six weeks, or if your doctor suspects there is some underlying cause of the pain, then he or she may recommend more tests.
These tests might include :
- Spine X-rays
- CT (computerised tomography) scans
- MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
- Blood tests
Mental wellbeing of a person also has a role in back pain. If the condition is chronic, your doctor may recommend that you have an assessment of your wellbeing in a pain clinic.
Treatments for back pain
Non surgical treatment of back pain
'Conservative treatment' is a common term used for describing the different types of non-surgical treatments. As almost all people who have spine-related problems do not need surgery, conservative treatment plays a major role in treatment of spinal disorders. However, there is a wide selection of conservative treatments available and sometimes it can be very difficult to make sense of all the choices.
Medicinal treatment
NSAIDs, Pain reliever, Muscle relaxants, spinal injections and antidepressants are used in back pain. NSAIDs work by reducing inflammation and providing pain relief. Inflamed ligaments and joints can cause pain directly or by irritating nerves as they leave the spine. NSAIDs must be taken on a regular basis at therapeutic dosing to have a true anti-inflammatory effect.
Conservative treatment is always the first option in order to reduce pain. The most common form of treatment that is used is physical therapy.
Physical therapy offers a wide range of treatments for back problems.
Physical therapy treatments have four main goals:
- Relieve pain
- Accelerate natural healing processes
- Increase strength and flexibility of back muscles and ligaments
- Help prevent future episodes of back pain
Surgical treatments for back pain
Only a small minority of patients suffering from low back pain ever require surgery. In the absence of severe or progressive weakness, or signs of cauda equina syndrome, elective surgery is an option for patients with chronic low back pain and significantly impaired quality of life who have not responded to adequate trials of non-surgical approaches.
Anterior cervical discectomy surgery
Cervical corpectomy surgery
Foraminotomy surgery
Laminoplasty surgery
Laminotomy surgery
Micro discectomy surgery
Spinal laminectomy surgery
Minimally invasive back surgery
Facetectomy surgery
Exercises for back pain
Regular exercise is an essential part of maintaining a healthy back. In the treatment of back pain, exercise plays an important role in recovery. Each day we make demands on our bodies that can place stress on our backs. The more fit you are and the stronger your back is, the more easily your body can deal with the stress and strain of everyday activity.
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